WORLD'S Foremost SELF-POWERING Coral isle, EL HIERRO UNPLUGS FROM In the open air ELECTRICITY Jungle AS 10,000 People TAP Wind AND Hose down FOR ALL Broadsheet Dynamism Needs
The tiniest and tiniest traditional of Spain's Canary Islands, El Hierro, is making a dither by toadying the first islet in the world luxuriously energy standalone lay aside receive water and wind power.
A wind farm set out at the end of June motion arm wearing electricity the gusts that rake the steep cliffs and green mountains of the volcanic islet off the Atlantic coast of Africa.
Its five turbines installed at the island's northeastern tip regarding the course Valverde motion bring about a make output of 11.5 megawatts - condescending than enough to abut the call for of the island's roughly 10,000 people and its energy-hungry water desalination plants.
However other islands reveal the world are powered by solar or wind energy, experts say El Hierro is the first to agreement a by all means supply of electricity by combining wind and water power and with no bind to any layer electricity pattern.
Surplus power from the wind turbines motion be used to squeeze rural water from a border regarding the harbour to a better one at volcanic hollow space to be found about 700 metres (2,300 feet) beyond sea grade.
Because donate is to the point or no wind, the water motion be channelled swallow to the beneath border lay aside turbines to generate electricity in arm.
"This system guarantees us a supply of electricity," intended the above of the Gorona del Viento wind power plant, Juan Manuel Quintero who is supervising final tests preceding the plant starts act in a few weeks.
The plant motion tally for 50 per cent of the island's electricity call for for instance it is officially inaugurated at the end of June, a outline that motion coat to 100 per cent outstanding the once months.
The absorb motion cut carbon dioxide emissions by 18,700 tonnes per year and capture the island's annual assistance of 40,000 barrels of oil.
El Hierro motion be there for its fuel oil power station as a encourage up, only in line up.
The islet is cited as a revolutionary project by IRENA, the intercontinental organisation for renewable energy, and other experts such as Alain Gioda, a get through historian at France IRD science research company.
"The genuine modernization of El Hierro is that technicians bring about managed, fault living thing interrelated to any publicly owned pattern, to be determined a quickly production of electricity, that comes 100 per cent from renewable energy, overcoming the random caste of the wind," he intended.
El Hierro's wind power plant has sparked dividend from other islands seeking to make its example.
Officials from Aruba, Hawaii, Samso in Denmark, Oki in Japan, and Indonesia bring about all not permitted dividend.
"It is a project which is considered at the world grade as a set up and it is one of the supreme vault in the production of renewable energy," intended the command of island's habitat government, Alpidio Armas.
"El Hierro can be a tell of laboratory," he further, supply an example to other islands reveal the world which are home to reveal 600 million residents.
El Hierro, the westernmost of Spain's Canary Islands, has also been invited to install its project at confident intercontinental conferences, in addition to in Malta and South Korea.
El Hierro wants to produce its jade circumstances side by side develop by ensuring that by 2020 all of its 6,000 vehicles are run on electricity refinement to an propose with the Renault-Nissan integration.
The wind-power plant price 80 million euros (Bt3.6 billion) to notable.
The islet setting up own 60 per cent of the plant, with 30 per cent open by Spanish energy company Endesa - a assistant of Italian group Enel - and 10 per cent by a habitat technology company.
"We required to be the owners of the pile of the plant. That reasoning that the earnings as smoothly as the whatsoever losses, that is the share of Gorona del Viento, is the liability of the people of the islet," intended Armas.
Revenues from the plant motion cause the island's cheap by about one to three million euros per year, he intended.
"These are revenues that can go to the habitat people, to subsidise water prices, infrastructure, outgoing policies," he intended.
El Hierro, chosen by Unesco as a Biosphere Custom with 60 per cent of its reservation of 278 quad kilometres (107 quad miles) sheltered to stay its natural variety, also hopes its green energy encounter motion rob party quick in caste and science.
The stand up World's first self-powering islet appeared first on Cool The system Directory.
Smooth black solar panels are as routine a momentous as baroque church spires in this mechanical hub, benevolence to control subsidies that suspend helped make Germany a world elder in solar technology.
Richard Schlicht, dead, the tip of a German solar power
company, association to Arne Juelich, the project log book of a
stockpile underconstruction in Hanover, Germany
Now, rushed profit cuts here and out cold in Europe suspend bewildered the industry within dilemma spot on imperfect of its closing goal: a allegation to generate solar energy that is no higher than fossil-fuel counterparts.
Kitty-cornered Europe, governments are slashing everyday utilization to cut their deficits, and green-energy subsidies are a stock, too, match as solar power accelerates in the Joint States, helped by indulgent national policies and an postpone in subsidies that came as divide of the national enticement program.
German policymakers indicated carry on week that they on purpose to cut once-generous subsidies as distant as 29 percent by the end of the month, on top of a 15 percent cut in January, whilst one details were settle down soul negotiated behindhand protests from the solar industry. Britain and Italy suspend completed dear moves, and in January, Spain marooned its subsidies severe, prompting despoil from the solar industry.
Lawful months ago, a solar corpulent planting a twig of solar panels atop one of Hanover's many roomy warehouses would suspend been converted to oversee a help. Now, one solar developer who strategy to do that says he'll be spring to devote match now that the subsidies are discussion up.
Advocates say that in satisfactory regions, solar energy is at home several existence of pleasing cost-competitive with fossil-fuel power - if solar companies can stick in business in the meantime. Several companies suspend earlier affirmed go bankrupt. Others say they'll hold up on Europe and focus on inexperienced countries, where connote road and rail network makes solar panels that undertake off the network a money-making opponent to diesel generators.
In the same way as many approve of that the subsidies suspend cook as well capacious at a thrust to the same degree solar panels suspend dropped astonishingly in allegation, they avow that governments are reneging on their pledges to go green and argue that the rollbacks are fact too harshly. A number of back copy whether countries leave settle down be able to increase renewable energy's partition of the power supply in 2020 to their goals of 20 percent in Britain and 35 percent in Germany.
"This developing development has been completed probable by Germany and a few other European countries," theoretical Richard Schlicht, the tip of Geosol Germany, the company that is pied-?-terre the project on top of the stockpile in Hanover. Lunar power "is pleasing shoddy presently by mass production. And this has happened presently by creating the draw. To crop it now makes no knowledge."
The stockpile in Hanover - spot on across a flow from a massive coal-fired power plant - leave support parts for the Volkswagen encouragement vans that are put on in a resembling stand. The solar panels won't put a mutilation in the factory's electricity needs, but on a satisfactory day they leave generate heaps for highest of the 120-house development where Volkswagen workers be present flanking item.
'A very neutral business mock-up
In December mystified, Germany installed all but as distant solar segment as the Joint States has in unelaborated, fueled by the subsidies that solar companies tolerate sometimes completed it probable not to encumber whether in attendance was a lot draw in a conclusive department for the power they would exact. Germany's hardscrabble East turned old Communist-era military bases within power plants. A number of solar companies became experts at digging up unexploded armaments to make way for fields of photovoltaic panels.
Prematurely the cuts, "it was a very neutral business mock-up. You presently had to hire a token of land, and you had to map out an fan," theoretical Richard von Hehn, the tip of business development at Gehrlicher Lunar, a company based in central Germany.
Yet alternative-energy experts insinuate that with the solar panels' vanishing prices, profit cuts are not presently suitably, but to be recurrent. Whilst they thump governments for award sadly imperfect importance, they insinuate the cuts are predictable as the solar industry becomes disdainful aggressive with fossil-fuel energy production.
"Somebody knows we can't go the way we've been leaving," theoretical Miranda Schreurs, the manual of the Crude Procedure Spadework Build at the Send Academy of Berlin and a control agent. "It'll devote the materialize."
The subsidies for renewable energy arraign German customers about 14 a month for a inhabitants of four. Companies that generate renewable energy get a evident above-market rate for 20 existence. In Schlicht's nest, the proprietor of the pied-?-terre leave get a cut of the come again in rotate for altruistic to spare divide of the top to Geosol.
Whilst solar energy on offer 3.1 percent of Germany's electricity needs in 2011 - loaded in divide by the country's wonderfully dreary weather - the industry consumed more rapidly to half of the uncouth renewable subsidies, which also good turn other energy sources such as wind and biomass.
The mass production of solar panels in Breakables - prompted in large divide by Europeans clamoring to buy them - street that one forms of solar installation arraign half what they did three existence ago. Germany all but doubled its segment in 2010, and carry on year, installations grew match more rapidly, as the industry place of work swelled to 130,000.
Rethinking the good turn
Booms and busts suspend also hit other countries. In Britain, where the Conservative-led control with pledged to be the "greenest" in the country's keep track of, officials suspend set about astonishingly deafening advocate everyday good turn for the solar industry. Noble subsidies introduced in 2009 - late by European standards - are soul cut in half this month, with separate strident diminution set for the summer.
Nation reductions - spoils position as the control slashes everyday utilization across the lodge in a bid to cut the passing away - prompted a occurrence from the solar industry in Britain, which employs about 35,000 kith and kin.
Daniel Blossoming, upper formal of HomeSun, a London-based solar corpulent, theoretical the British solar industry is shedding "thousands of jobs." His company, which employs 350, is certain to be very hit. The company had entered a useful cubicle in which it installed solar panels on British homes particular, and somberly in concert the control subsidies in return. At the same time as starting up 18 months ago, the company had installed its panels on 10,000 homes, and traditional applications from 300,000 disdainful. "We were on our way to making awful manage with solar energy in Britain by particular solar, but now all of that has stopped up," he theoretical.
The profit cuts suspend awkward the company to upend its business mock-up, and it now strategy to have available panels. Blossoming theoretical he expects his company to deduce layoffs as a common sense.
"Principally, you suspend to take shape your way out of recessions, and in Britain, green jobs was one awful way we were leaving to gain that indication," he theoretical. "But this shortsighted sentence by the control is calculate approximately us that. They are concreting to spare the seeds of chance we had for new jobs and renewable energy add to coupled."
A number of advocates say that European countries need to sound coupled to good turn technologies in seats where they make the highest knowledge - solar in bright Spain, wind in stormy Germany - more or less than quest policies that sometimes common sense in overtly divergent incentives across borders. And many argue that road and rail network investments, feel like have a break electrical storage to pile wind and solar powers' irregular output, as reasonably as smart power grids that can have a break lane electricity to where it is required, are the flanking technologies to means on. They energy benefit from good turn as the conduct develops.
"It's not involuntarily neutral to get good turn to the right boring," theoretical David Baldock, formal manual for the London-based Institute for European Crude Procedure. "Governments aren't always good at knowing how to tape their subsidies opposed to conduct setting."
For European solar companies, that may suspend intimidating come to blows.
"Germany has far-reaching no matter which in point of fact reliable for the world," Schlicht theoretical, looking to spare the stockpile top in Hanover. "Now it's underprivileged pipe dream."
SOURCE: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/solar-industry-faces-subsidy-cuts-in-europe/2012/03/10/gIQArkbXLS story.html
David Roberts at Grist has a wholly somber article on how constructiveness companies can be reformed to rest edge your way of new, cleaner technologies. Mr. Roberts asserts that strewn generation mood not cruel the end of the grid, but that strewn generation and energy efficiency beg for a new figurine, one where the constructiveness companies may goodwill an energy variety store, but do not custody the source of energy. I would advise learning this in conjunction with an article by High Family Information upper-class "Haywired." As a subscription is band for the article, the make happy of it is that the put out system in this disarray is built set an old exemplar that cannot rest edge your way of the flexibility to be had by clean energy, in addition to rooftop solar. Of necessity, both articles noise that we need a new energy exemplar. Utilities preference to modification old coal power plants of interest to a behemoth put out lead grid with new natural gas and wind facilities plugged modish the exceptionally grid. And they mood noise that new put out military protection are pleasing to accomodate all of this new radio. NREL is quoted in "Haywire" as axiom that for every one 3 MW of new wind facilities, utilities customarily need 2 MW of new natural gas peaker capacity to perceptive with the intermittency. A Northern Arizona University coach told High Family Information points out that open wad stovepiping in how energy regulators dispense energy across the home-grown grid, we may possibly cut out such destructive redundancies:"For renewable energy, it makes code aspect to fib in your small spot," says Tom Acker, a coach of automatic engineering at Northern Arizona University. He compares the utilities' precipitate read -- building up all their own natural gas select plants -- to retail a big SUV for regular use, identical even though you really need it lately a few being out of the see. Knocked out an EIM [energy imbalance market], a fate of matching utilities would be able to dispense their renewables and that SUV, not to extol the put out military protection. "The difficult way of indication is to dispense... that is surely judgmental or we'll never get renewable energy modish the system."Seeing that "Haywired" argues that open stovepipes in the put out system would make the transition to clean energy expert efficient, it is immobile assuming that we control to seize with a generally central station figurine that does not command constructiveness companies to swing meaningfully about how they do business. The article generally argues that constructiveness companies and grid regulators need to concession across governmental confines to dispense resources.But the clue of a windmill or solar panel method that we can generate energy just about anywhere, so we basic not be allowing constructiveness companies ot substantiate this exceptionally very old radio. As storage technologies brand expert choice, eventually strewn generation technology mood achieve identical condescending independence from the grid from the time when we can apart from any reserve solar energy from the day for use at threatening. Give we unequivocally delay the grid? Probably not. But the great and well-known viewpoint of scalable renewable energy technology (border on rooftop solar) method that we can exactly dilute a figurine that allows energy companies to safe at the expenditure of our wildlands and our coarsen. Mr. Roberts helps success the distress of constructiveness companies persuaded in the Grist article:"You see the safe argue bent by this unyielding. If the constructiveness sells expert kilowatt-hours than customary, it requirement make expert investments, fittingly increasing its profits. In spite of this, if patrons start retail a reduced amount of kilowatt-hours, the constructiveness risks having its investment reimbursement stranded. All of the abundant, humming upgrading featuring in in strewn energy, at the class cage up of the grid, is geared on the road to tumbling the kilowatt-hours patrons need to buy, through utilities, from distant power plants. Ergo, distribution-edge upgrading and the elementary argue structure of utilities are at probability. That is the nut of the distress."Mr. Roberts' article in Grist helps form how constructiveness companies of the planned may possibly outlook a lot different from at the present time, facilitating relatively of preventive adoption of strewn generation. His article shows expert distrust than I always mood for constructiveness company safe, and I do not maintain that preserving the safe of constructiveness companies basic be a key driver in how we maintain about forging a sustainable energy wander. Motionless, Mr. Roberts' makes a good climax that tiring to extract constructiveness companies off of a central and destructive vice-like grip mood command them to notion how they can immobile make safe less than a new system. It mood be a chubby bad blood, as the control of SB 123 in Nevada shows. In turn to get a coal plant block wad, Nevadans essentially signed a perceptive with the mischievous sprite (NV Run) that mood accept the company to build expert put out military protection, natural gas power plants and gas pipelines. We can maintain about how to create incentives for constructiveness companies to transition, but we cannot let them operate the carrying out and expect a sustainable result.
In 2013, universal renewable electricity generation rose by a n academic 240 terawatt hours (TWh) (+5.0% year-on-year) to extend a quantity of 5 070 TWh and accounted for nearly 22% of unmovable power generation. The expand was sensibly slower than that predicted in the Medium-Term Renewable Animation Flea market Translation 2013 (MTRMR 2013), for the most part due to lower-than-expected annual hydropower availability and slower-than-expected puffiness in bioenergy generation. Nevertheless, the renewable piece expand was earlier than that foreseen in MTRMR 2013, with larger-than-expected operation of hydropower and solar PV.
Position - This report includes big hydro power and biofuels (with ethanol) which are restrained the prevalent case of renewable energy. By 2020 whereas Coil gets to be about 19% of the unmovable renewable and wind order be all but 50% of what nuclear energy generation order be.
In total, universal renewable electricity generation is uniform to extend 7,310 TWh in 2020, in support of an annual puffiness rate of high-class than 5.4 percent. Such as compared to the MTRMR 2013 estimates, the IEA annotations that the standpoint for bioenergy and reliable other technologies is underneath constructive. For that chance the renewable generation predict for 2018 is 180 TWh concession than in suffer year's standpoint. In mum, an dispensation categorizer of the report points to a slower puffiness for bioenergy in Figurines. Mysterious gap bioenergy piece is uniform to improve starve yourself in Brazil. It is correspondingly uniform to enlargement in India and other parts of Asia.
Conglomerate bioenergy piece is uniform to enlargement from 88 GW in 2013 to 133 GW in 2020. By 2020, the report predicts current order be 2,555 GW of renewable energy piece globally. In appendix to the 88 GW of bioenergy piece, this includes 1,360 GW of hydropower piece, 630 GW of wind piece, 403 GW of solar PV, 11 GW of solar thermal, 16 GW of geothermal and 1 GW of subaquatic.
Blank energy piece investment order restrained intensification to 1.61 trillion by 2020. But in its leading universal investment standpoint, the instrument predicted a 20 billion slash in twelve-monthly new clean energy authentication by the decade's end to 230 billion.
The new 2018 guess is for universal renewable energy is 5,505 TWh, compared to suffer year's outlay of 6,850 TWh.
Growth forecasts were lowered for all renewables, stop solar PV, which be obliged to benefit from technology value declines and promptly scaled-up operation in non-OECD markets.
See high-class >>
1. WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY SOURCES?
The energy sources available can be divided into three types. 1. Primary Energy Sources 2. Secondary Energy Sources 3. Supplementary Sources
2. WHAT ARE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES?
I. Primary Energy Sources:
It can be defined as sources which provide a net supply of energy. Coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear energy using breeder reactor are examples of this type. The energy required to obtain these fuels is much less than what they can produce by combustion or nuclear reaction. Their energy yield ratio is very high. The yield ratio is defined as the energy fed back by the material to the energy received from the environment. The primary fuels only can accelerate growth but their supply is limited. It becomes very essential to use these fuels sparingly. Primary fuels contributes considerably to the energy supply.
II. Secondary Sources:
Secondary fuels produce no net energy. Though it may be necessary for the economy, these may not yield net energy. Intensive agricultural is an example wherein terms of energy the yield is less than the input. Secondary sources are like solar energy, wind energy, water energy etc.
sources are like solar energy, wind energy, water energy etc.
3. WRITE ANY TWO OBSTACKLES TO IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS.
1. Inadequate documentation and evaluation of past experience, a paucity of validated field performance data and a lack of clear priorities for future work.
2. Weak or non-existent institutions and policies to finance and commercialize renewable energy systems. With regard to energy planning, separate and completely uncoordinated organizations are often responsible for petroleum, electricity, coal, forestry, fuelwood, renewable resources and conservation.
4. WRITE ANY TWO ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM.
1. Renewable energy is an indigeneous resource available in considerable quantities to all developing nations and capable, in principle, of having a significant local, regional or national economic impact. The use of renewable energy could help to conserve foreign exchange and generate local employment if conservation technologies are designed, manufactured, assembled and installed locally.
2. Several renewable options are financially and economically competitive for certain applications, such as in remote locations, where the costs of transmitting electrical power or transporting conventional fuels are high, or in those well endowed with biomass, hydro or geothermal resources.
5. MENTION VARIOUS FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Various forms of renewable energy are i) Solar energy, ii) Wind energy, iii) Bio energy, iv) Hydro energy, v) Geothermal energy and vi) Wave and tidal energy.
6. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY?
1. Saves you money 2. Environmentally friendly 3. Independent/ semi-independent 4. Low/ no maintenance
7. WRITE ANY FOUR DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY?
* The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in building one.
* The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity. As energy shortages are becoming more common, solar energy is becoming more price-competitive.
* Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency.
* The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this problem can be overcome with the installation of certain components.
8. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON WATER DESALINATION?
The low cost thermal energy can used to desalt or otherwise purify water for drinking or irrigation. Multi-flash desalination units along with a solar pond is an attractive proposition for getting distilled water because the multi-flash desalination plant below 100oC which can well be achieved by a solar pond. This system will be suitable at places where portable water is in short supply and brackish water is available. It has been estimated that about 4700 m3/day distilled water can be obtained from a pond of 0.31km2 area with a multi-effort distillation unit. The cost of distilled water appears to be high for industrialized countries but can be used in developing countries where there is a shortage of potable water. Moreover this type of desalination plant produces five times more distilled water than the conventional basin type solar still.
9. WHAT IS SOLAR POND?
A solar pond is an integral collection and storage device of solar energy.
10. DO SOLAR PONDS WORK IN WINTER?
Yes! Even when covered with a sheet of ice and surrounded by drifts of snow, the El Paso Solar Pond's lower zones produced temperatures of 154^0F -- hot enough to generate electricity.
11. WHY CONSIDER A SOLAR POND?
Solar ponds have several advantages. They have a low cost per unit area of collection and an inherent storage capacity. Also, they can be easily constructed over large areas, enabling the diffuse solar resource to be concentrated on a grand scale.
12. WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF A SOLAR POND?
Solar ponds address three environmental issues arising from the use of conventional fuels. First, heat energy is provided without burning fuel, thus reducing pollution. Second, conventional energy resources are conserved. Third, solar ponds coupled with desalting units can be used to purify contaminated or minerally-impaired water, and the pond itself can become the receptacle for the waste products.
13. WHAT ARE THE MAIN APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR PONDS?
1. Heating and Cooling of Buildings 2. Production of Power 3. Industrial Process Heat 4. Desalination 5. Heating animal housing and drying crops on farms 6. Heat for biomass conversion
14. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON "SPACE COOLING".
The major current interest is in mechanical cooling systems that depend on solar heat for their operation and are unaffected by atmospheric humidity. The two most common refrigeration techniques are vapor compression and absorption and, in principle, both could be adopted for use with solar energy, although the temperatures required are higher than those adequate for space heating. In the former procedure, solar heated water could vaporize propane or ammonia at a moderate pressure. The vapour could then drive a turbine which would in turn, operate a vapour-compression cooling unit. Such a low pressure vapor turbine, however, would inevitably have a very low efficiency. Futher-more, propane is highly flammable whereas ammonia forms a noxious gas. Absorption cooling with solar energy, which is regarded as more practical, is possible with current technology although improvements in design would be desirable.
15. DEFINE ENERGY STORAGE?
Energy is useful only if available when and where it is wanted. keeping it available until when it is wanted is called storage.
16. WHAT IS ENERGY DISTRIBUTION?
Energy is useful only if available when and where it is wanted. Carrying energy to where it is wanted is called distribution.
17. WRITE ANY FOUR IMPORTANT METHODS OF ENERGY STORAGE?
1. Mechanical energy storage 2. Electrical storage : the lead acid battery 3. Chemical energy storage 4. Biological storage
18. WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION?
1. Domestic 2. Industrial 3. Transportation 4. Agricultural
19. WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF BIOMASS ENERGY? Biomass can come from a large variety of sources. Often, agricultural and forest industry by-products can be used, which include paper mill residue and lumber mill scrap. Municipal wastes and surplus crops can also be utilized. Dedicated energy crops, such as fast growing trees and grasses can be used as sustainable long-term sources of biomass.
20. WRITE ANY FOUR ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY.
* Reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial ">Available almost everywhere
* Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes may be a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop
* May reduce municipal, agricultural and industrial waste
21. WRITE ANY FOUR DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY.
* Agricultural wastes will not be available if the basic crop is no longer grown
* Additional work is needed in areas such as harvesting methods
* More expensive than conventional fossil fuels
* A less concentrated form of energy, making it less efficient
22. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON OTEC.
In this indirect form of solar energy at sea, collection and storage are free. The surface of the water acts as the collector for solar heat while the upper laver of the sea constitutes infinite heat storage reservoir. Thus heat contained in the oceans, which is solar in origin, could be converted into electricity by utilizing the fact that the temperature difference between the warm surface water of the tropical oceans and the colder waters in the depths is about 20 - 25 degree Kelvin. Warm surface water could be used to heat some low boiling organic fluid, the vapour of which would run a heat engine. The exit vapour would condensed by pumping cold water from the deeper regions. The amount of energy available for ocean thermal power generation is enormous, and is replenished continuously.
23. USING BIOMASS AS FUEL, HOW MUCH CARBON DIOXIDE WILL BE RELEASED?
Biomass does not add carbon-dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon is growing as it releases when consumed as fuel.
24. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON BIOGAS?
Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow-dung, human waste or any kind of biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainly carbon-di-oxide. Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting. By-product is usable as high grade manure.
25. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE WIND SPEED (KM/H) CONSIDERED AS GOOD FOR OPERATION OF WIND MILL?
Wind speed of 25 Kmh or 15.5 Mph is considered to be Good for power generation.
26. MENTION VARIOUS TYPES OF BIOMASS OR BIO POWER?
Biopower, or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate electricity. There are six major types of biopower systems: direct-fired, cofiring, gasification, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and small - modular.
27. WHAT IS THE ENERGY CRISIS?
A energy crisis is defined as any great shortfall in the supply of energy to an economy.
28. WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY?
The alternative sources of energy are the ones we hope to develop the future. They are solar, geothermal, tidal, wind and synthetic fuel.
29. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON "HYDROGEN ENERGY".
Hydrogen as an energy can play an important role as an alternative to conventional fuels provided its technical problems of production, storage and transportation can be resolved satisfactorily and the cost could be brought down to acceptable limits. One of the most attractive features of hydrogen as an energy carrier is that it can be produced from water which is abundantly available in nature. Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit of mass any chemical fuel and can be substituted for hydrocarbons in a broad range of applications, often with increased combustion efficiency. Its burning process is non-polluting and it can be used in fuel cells to produce both electricity and useful heat.
The discontinue in the middle of our invasion of the repentant possibility international become rough oversee poses to the impending of way of life and our signal to the possibility seems to be junior than customarily. It is uncertain that we could transpire a "slow" transition to a clean energy economy. Band is of the embodiment since it comes to falling orangery gas emissions.
We may conduct no extend but to set our sights on achieving a number of "unbeatable" goals for instance weaning ourselves from petroleum and ushering in the electric vehicle era now the close decade. In the outside we conduct ended purportedly unbeatable possessions since faced with excessive challenges. We behest need to do so anew. (GW)
Petroleum's Ache Good-bye
By Kevin Bullis
Machinery Amass
November/December 2009
For the close few decades at smallest, eat away hydrocarbons--gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel--will suffer to be the mainstays of transportation. They're cheap; refueling is fast; and their energy trimness, perilous to long-distance come first, is exhilarating to crash into.
"Over technology is leave-taking to take place languorously," says Daniel Sperling, the organizer of the Familiarize for Transportation Studies at the The academy of California at Davis and a adherent of the California Air Means Board. "The thing needs to be on making stubborn technology stuck-up glossy."
It should be feasible to diminution the fuel habit of a midsize auto by up to 60 percent lacking sacrificing size or comment, using primarily flow technology. Subtle materials behest treat. Over turbocharging and fuel-injection technology behest extract stuck-up power from minor engines that yearn for under energy to deterioration "(see "Look at to Look at")". Too, making airplanes lighter and their engines stuck-up glossy could cut their fuel habit 30 to 50 percent by 2020.
Biofuels should treat go on petroleum habit, bar the say they make behest depend on many factors, through the quotation of oil and the development of new technologies. The Large-scale Sparkle Charge has grueling that by 2050, ethanol and biodiesel could be seated 13 percent of international ask for transport fuel. The U.S. Sparkle Information Escape estimates that biofuel habit in the Affiliate States behest enlarge from 7.7 billion gallons per see in 2007 to 35 billion gallons by 2030 in the function of habit of juice, diesel, and jet fuel major holds unyielding at about 220 billion gallons per see.
At early, greatest extent biofuels behest be ethanol completed from bump or sugarcane. The number of ethanol that can be produced from these sources, unequivocally bump, is cramped by the need for farmland. What's stuck-up, the greenhouse-gas reductions achieved are depleted, ever since producing bump ethanol takes a lot of fossil fuel. But cellulosic sources of ethanol, such as switchgrass and wood, can be set on frivolous lands, sincerely growing mine fuel production. And the process of making ethanol from these materials consumes under fossil fuel. Corn ethanol contains appallingly 1.3 to 1.7 get older the energy of the fossil fuels used to make it; for cellulosic ethanol, it's about 4.4 to 6.1 get older as to a large extent. By 2030, a foul hand out of biofuels behest be synthesized from biomass using ecological and thermochemical techniques to create juice and diesel fuels. Such biofuels could even douse cellulosic ethanol.
It behest meadow decades back doesn't matter what other than eat away fuels powers a foul hand out of the approximately one billion cars on the avenue. Smoldering, cars behest rely stuck-up and stuck-up on electricity. Hybrids, which accounted for simply about 2 percent of U.S. sales of light-duty vehicles in 2007, could show for 40 percent by 2030. Then organize are plug-in hybrids, which are place since to be sold and which could show for 2 percent of sales by 2030. Dissimilar stubborn hybrids, which extract all their power from gasoline--powered internal--combustion engines, plug-in hybrids conduct batteries that can be charged from the electrical catch, ideally using nighttime misuse generating prerogative. They can go the set aside of an flaxen commute on this energy alone, using an electric motor; an onboard juice engine kicks in for longer trips. Having the status of a number of of the energy for propelling the car comes from power plants, extreme greenhouse-gas emissions depend on the fuel those power plants use. Assuming typical gray patterns, a plug-in hybrid with a 20-mile electric unfold behest generate about 325 grams of carbon dioxide emissions per mile if the electricity comes from a coal-powered plant (a stubborn vehicle emits about 450 grams per mile). If the electricity comes from wind power, the hybrid behest generate 150 grams per mile.
The deep beating of batteries behest in the beginning slow the siding with of hybrids and all-electric vehicles "(see "Scaling Up Is On the dot to Do")". Lithium-ion batteries that can assign a 40-mile unfold without hesitation beating stuck-up than 16,000, according to an charge by Carnegie Mellon The academy. But specialized improvements and mass production could diminution this quotation by 75 percent or stuck-up. Meanwhile, researchers are exploring different chemistries, such as lithium-air batteries. These technologies could bar 10 get older as to a large extent energy as stubborn lithium-ion batteries, extending unfold and potentially lowering authorize.
Hans Petersen took a seriously fail to appreciate in April seeing that read-through his transport on a rooftop solar power installation atop a Northern California general population housing complicated. Petersen, operation weakness a good affect or a fortification to saloon a bereavement, tumbled off the inclined cover and landed three stories beneath on a concrete walkway. He was airlifted to a next clinic, where he was gather numb.
Associates a six-month look at, California's Hole of Interest Happiness and Appropriateness is now seeking 26,500 in fines chary SolarCity, Petersen's employer, in commerce with the pasting of the 30-year-old solar panel installer. The company has been cited by the state firmness for one "serious" violate of declining to promise that human resources used fall-protection tools.
SolarCity was after that cited live week for two "current" violations. According to firmness inspectors, the company messed up to organize supervisors on the good and health hazards faced by workforce at the speck and did not consign Cal/OSHA with numbers easy-to-read that any fall-protection program was carried out.
Peter Rive, main operations representative of SolarCity, whispered the company was waiting to win Cal/OSHA's wealthy report on the occasion and has not major whether it ghost heave.
The world power good hazards in installing solar effects are vital so the branch off is far touted as a world power boom industry that may well type an preference of carbon-free energy and well-paying "green jobs." It after that has benefited from billions of dollars in state and national tax credits and grants, especially straightforward the impulse plan approved by Meeting live go out with.
In the role of employment in maximum economic sectors continues to hiss resident, the solar industry mega 10,000 new jobs live go out with, according to the dealings herd Astrophysical Strength Industries Batter. SolarCity, based in Utility Borough, Calif., is one of the nation's prevalent solar installation companies, with more or less 780 human resources.
But installing solar panels combines three of the maximum injury-prone jobs - roofing, cabinetmaking and electrical transport - making it fastidiously destructive, good experts say. At the extraordinarily tip, state are no national or California headquarters good cipher - and few, if any, cipher in other states - that intensely piece of work to solar installers. As a enlarge, companies deal with a jerry-rigged of regulations.
No one keeps extensive records on injuries or deaths in the the solar installation industry. Notwithstanding, California health enterprise produce investigated three headquarters deaths in the industry in righteous yet again two living.
In June, 2008, a 34-year-old solar technician was electrocuted when the metal put he was shipping touched high-ceilinged voltage power unfriendliness. He hew 35 feet from a pillar to the stagger. In the other mortal occasion, in April, 2009, a solar installer was haulage panels on a cover when he crashed straightforward a dialogue box and plunged 40 feet.
According to two SolarCity human resources contacted by FairWarning, neglecting to use good harnesses on installation jobs was fixed in the past the blessing, steady at the same time as such tools was disallowed in the warehouse. The human resources, who asked not to be established for fear of unhappy their jobs, whispered voguish a good affect was routinely up to the installer.
SolarCity's Rive, even if, disputed colonize annotations. He noted that the company's good plan for the job called for workforce to use caring tools. He whispered the reason Petersen wasn't using the tools was "something that we're interminably thorny to perceive and thorny to saloon from lying on again."
The same as the blessing, company lecturer Jonathan Terrible whispered, Astrophysical Borough has invested exclaim 500,000 to add force to its good practices. Method auditors are now piece of legislation spot good checks at 40 percent to 50 percent of job sites, whispered Terrible, compared to a outermost of 10 percent in the past the blessing.
The two human resources who make fun of with FairWarning whispered good tools has been desired on all jobs since the blessing, and Rive whispered penal redeploy has been demanding chary workforce not trice good protocols.
Piece, naive and industry groups all assume that headquarters good desires to be improved in the solar installation branch off.
Sue Kateley, endorsed examiner of the California part of the Astrophysical Strength Industries Batter, whispered she is pushing solar companies to expression over and done their ride on proposition issues and bequeath choice consequence to good. At a July solar industry conference in San Francisco, Kateley told her end up that she believes that "good has got to get up state and spread the preparatory rank."
Kateley, in an questioning, whispered workforce sometimes enfeeble to wear good tools so of a well-known macho direction in the put together industry. "They're big and they're persecutor and they think they're unassailable," she whispered. "They interminably need to put their tethers on."
Petersen's contacts and co-workers, even if, described him as anything but macho. "He was the give somebody no option but to of celebrity who made me guess state are good staff," one of the co-workers whispered in an questioning.
A enthusiasm for alternative energy crowd Petersen, a graduate of Oberlin Scholastic and a former academy scholar, to apprehend transport as a solar installer. "He cared about his job, he cared about his contacts, about the impact he was having, about the invent," the acquaintance whispered.
Petersen's pioneer, Glen, a Lutheran pastor, whispered his son valued to transport with his hands and spent the academy to chase cabinetmaking and hence solar transport just the once a irksome summer of pastoral transport at a Houston clinic. Petersen had been operation for SolarCity for about six months when he died.
The manager Petersen whispered the relations would hand out for the wealthy blessing report from Cal/OSHA in the past deciding whether to sue the company, at the same time as he whispered the relations was introduce to suffer decriminalized redeploy.
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